Contoh 1 Soal Permutasi dan Kombinasi (Matematika Wajib Kelas XII)

 $\begin{array}{l}\\ 1.& \text{Bentuk sederhana dari}\\ & \text{a}.{\displaystyle 5!+6!+7!}\\ & \text{b}.{\displaystyle \frac{(n+1)!}{(n-1)!}}\\ & \text{c}.{\displaystyle \frac{(n+2)!}{n!}}\\ & \text{d}.{\displaystyle \frac{(n-2)!}{(n+1)!}}\\ \\ & \text{Jawab}:\\ & \begin{array}{rl}\text{a}.& 5!+6!+7!=5!+6.5!+7.6.5!\\ & =(1+6+42).5!\\ & =49.5!=49.120=5880\\ \text{b}.& {\displaystyle \frac{(n+1)!}{(n-1)!}=\frac{(n+1)n(n-1)!}{(n-1)!}}\\ & =(n+1)n=n^2+n\\ \text{c}.& {\displaystyle \frac{(n+2)!}{n!}=\frac{(n+1)(n+1)n!}{n!}}\\ & =(n+2)(n+1)\\ & =n^2+3n+2\\ \text{d}.& {\displaystyle \frac{(n-2)!}{(n+1)!}=\frac{(n-2)!}{(n+1)n(n-1)(n-2)!}}\\ & ={\displaystyle \frac{1}{(n+1)n(n-1)}}\\ & ={\displaystyle \frac{1}{n^3-n}}\end{array}\end{array}$

$\begin{array}{l}\\ 2.& \text{Tentukanlah nilai}n\text{yang memenuhi}\\ & \text{persamaan berikut}\\ & \text{a}.{\displaystyle \frac{n!3!}{6!(n-3)!}=\frac{33}{4}}\\ & \text{b}.{\displaystyle \frac{3}{8!}-\frac{2}{7!}+\frac{1}{6!}=\frac{5n+3}{8!}}\\ & \text{c}.{\displaystyle \frac{7!}{5!2!}:\frac{10!}{5!5!}=1:4n}\\ \\ & \text{Jawab}:\\ & \begin{array}{rl}\text{a}.& {\displaystyle \frac{n!3!}{6!(n-3)!}=\frac{33}{4}}\\ & \iff {\displaystyle \frac{n(n-1)(n-2)\text{⧸}(n-3)!.\text{⧸}3!}{6.5.\text{⧸}4.\text{⧸}3!\text{⧸}(n-3)!}=\frac{33}{\text{⧸}4}}\\ & \iff n(n-1)(n-2)=33.6.5=11.10.9\\ & \iff n(n-1)(n-2)=11.(11-1).(11-2)\\ & \iff n=11\\ \text{b}.& {\displaystyle \frac{3}{8!}-\frac{2}{7!}+\frac{1}{6!}=\frac{5n+3}{8!}}\\ & \iff {\displaystyle \frac{3-2.8+56}{8!}=\frac{5n+3}{8!}}\\ & \iff \frac{43}{8!}=\frac{5n+3}{8!}\\ & \iff 43=5n+3\iff 5n=40\iff n=8\\ \text{c}.& {\displaystyle \frac{7!}{5!2!}:\frac{10!}{5!5!}=1:4n}\\ & \iff 4n={\displaystyle \frac{5!2!10!}{7!5!5!}}\\ & \iff 4n={\displaystyle \frac{\text{⧸}5!2!10.9.8.\text{⧸}7!}{\text{⧸}7!5!\text{⧸}5!}}\\ & \iff n=3\end{array}\end{array}$

$\begin{array}{l}\\ 3.& \text{Tentukanlah nilai}n\text{yang memenuhi}\\ & \text{persamaan berikut}\\ & \text{a}.P(n,2)=42\\ & \text{b}.7.P(n,3)=6.P(n+1,3)\\ & \text{c}.3.P(n,4)=P(n-1,5)\\ \\ & \text{Jawab}:\\ & \begin{array}{rl}\text{a}.& P(n,2)=42\\ & \iff {\displaystyle \frac{n!}{(n-2)!}=42}\\ & \iff {\displaystyle \frac{n!}{(n-2)!}={\displaystyle \frac{n\times (n-1)\times (n-2)!}{(n-2)!}=42}}\\ & \iff {\displaystyle n\times (n-1)=7.6=7.(7-1)}\\ & \iff n=7\\ \text{b}.& 7.P(n,3)=6.P(n+1,3)\\ & {\displaystyle \frac{7.n!}{(n-3)!}=\frac{6(n+1)!}{(n+1-3)!}}\\ & {\displaystyle \frac{7\text{⧸}n!}{(n-3)!}=\frac{6.(n+1).\text{⧸}n!}{(n-2)!}}\\ & \iff \frac{7}{\text{⧸}(n-3)!}=\frac{6n+6}{(n-1)\text{⧸}(n-3)!}\\ & \iff 7(n-2)=6n+6\\ & \iff 7n-6n=6+14\iff n=20\\ \text{c}.& 3.P(n,4)=P(n-1,5)\\ & \iff {\displaystyle \frac{3.n!}{(n-4)!}=\frac{(n-1)!}{(n-1-5)!}}\\ & \iff \frac{3.n.\text{⧸}(n-1)!}{(n-4)!}=\frac{\text{⧸}(n-1)!}{(n-6)!}\\ & \iff \frac{3n}{(n-4)(n-5).\text{⧸}(n-6)!}=\frac{1}{\text{⧸}(n-6)!}\\ & \iff 3n=(n-4)(n-5)\\ & \iff 3n=n^2-9n+20\\ & \iff n^2-12n+20=0\\ & \iff (n-2)(n-10)=0\\ & \iff n=2\text{tidak memenuhi}\text{atau}n=10\\ & \text{jadi},n=10\end{array}\end{array}$

$\begin{array}{l}\\ 4.& \text{Jika 10 siswa akan dipilih 4 orang untuk}\\ & \text{menjadi ketua kelas, wakil, sekretaris dan}\\ & \text{seorang bendahara, maka banyak susunan}\\ & \text{terjadi adalah}....\\ \\ & \text{Jawab}:\\ & \text{Penyusunan memerlukan urutan}\\ & \text{maka perlu digunakan permutasi, yaitu}:\\ & P(n,r)={\displaystyle \frac{n!}{(n-r)!}}\\ & \iff P(10,4)={\displaystyle \frac{10!}{(10-4)!}=\frac{10!}{6!}}\\ & \iff ={\displaystyle \frac{10\times 9\times 8\times 7\times \text{⧸}6!}{\text{⧸}6!}}\\ & \iff =5040\end{array}$

$\begin{array}{l}\\ 5.& \text{Jika dari kota A ke kota B terdapat 3 jalur.}\\ & \text{Dan dari kota B ke kota C terdapat 4 jalur,}\\ & \text{serta dari kota C sampai ke kota D ada 5 jalur}\\ & \text{Banyak jalan dari kota A ke kota D adalah}....\\ \\ & \text{Jawab}:\\ & \text{Jalur yang ada semuanya berbeda}\\ & \text{maka perlu digunakan permutasi, yaitu}:\\ & P(n,r)={\displaystyle \frac{n!}{(n-r)!}}\\ & \begin{array}{rl}\text{a}& \text{dari A ke B ada 3 jalur cukup pilih satu, maka}\\ & \bullet P(3,1)={\displaystyle \frac{3!}{(3-1)!}=\frac{3!}{2!}=3}\\ \text{b}& \text{dari B ke C ada 4 jalur cukup pilih satu, maka}\\ & \bullet P(4,1)={\displaystyle \frac{4!}{(4-1)!}=\frac{4!}{3!}=4}\\ \text{c}& \text{dari C ke D ada 5 jalur cukup pilih satu, maka}\\ & \bullet P(5,1)={\displaystyle \frac{5!}{(5-1)!}=\frac{5!}{4!}=5}\end{array}\\ & \text{Jadi, total jalur yang dapat di lalui dari A sampai D adalah}:\\ & P(3,1)\times P(4,1)\times P(5,1)=3\times 4\times 5=60\end{array}$