Distribusi Binomial (Matematika Peminatan kelas XII SMA/MA)

 $\color{blue}\textrm{A. Pendahuluan Distribusi Binomial}$

$\begin{aligned}&\left\{\begin{matrix} (1)\: \textrm{Review}\begin{cases} \textrm{Peluang} \begin{cases} \textrm{Populasi} \\ \textrm{Sampel}\begin{cases} \textrm{Acak} \\ \textrm{Bukan Acak}.\quad \end{cases} \end{cases} \\ \textrm{Kombiasi} & \end{cases}\\ (2)\: \textrm{Variabel Acak}\begin{cases} \textrm{Diskrit} & .\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad \\ \textrm{Kontinue} & \end{cases}\\ (3)\: \textrm{Distribusi}\begin{cases} \textrm{Distribusi Peluang Variabel Acak} & \\ \textrm{Fungsi Distribusi Kumulatif} & \\ \textrm{Variabel Acak Binomial}&\\ \textrm{Distribusi Binomial} \end{cases}\\ \end{matrix}\right. \end{aligned}$

$\color{blue}\textrm{Penjelasan}$

$\begin{array}{|c|l|l|}\hline \textrm{No}&\quad\textrm{Istilah}&\qquad\qquad\qquad\textrm{Penjelasan}\\\hline 1&\textrm{Statistika}&\textrm{Ilmu tentang pengumpulan, pengolahan},\\ &&\textrm{penganalisaan serta penarikan kesimpulan}\\ &&\textrm{data. Selanjutnya akan dibagi dua yaitu}\\ &&\color{blue}\textrm{deskriptif dan inferensia}\\\hline 2&\textrm{Statistik}&\color{red}\textrm{Kumpulan data/ukuran sampel}\\\hline 3&\textrm{Parameter}&\textrm{Ukuran populasi}\\\hline 4&\textrm{Populasi}&\color{blue}\textrm{Keseluruhan/semua anggota objek/data}\\\hline 5&\textrm{Sampel}&\color{blue}\textrm{Subjek/Objek yang mewakili populasi}\\\hline 6&\textrm{Sesus}&\textrm{Penelitian seluruh data (populasi)}\\\hline 7&\textrm{Tekik}&\textrm{Cara pengambilan data terbatas pada}\\ &\textrm{Sampling}&\textrm{sebagian saja dari populasi yang diteliti}\\\hline \end{array}$.

$\color{blue}\textrm{B. Kombinasi, Peluang, dan Variabel Acak}$.

Untuk memulai bahasan ini kita sertakan pengertian yang berkaitan dengan kombinasi yaitu adalah permutasi. Perhatikanlah tabel berikut

$\begin{array}{|l|l|l|}\hline \textrm{Istilah}&\qquad\qquad\qquad\textrm{Permutasi}&\qquad\qquad\qquad\textrm{Kombinasi}\\\hline \textrm{Definisi}&\begin{aligned}&\textrm{Permutasi r unsur dari n unsur}\\ &\textrm{adalah banyaknya kemungkinan}\\ &\textrm{urutan r unsur yang dipilih}\\ &\textrm{dari n unsur yang tersedia}.\\ & \textrm{Tiap unsur berbeda dan}\:  r\leq n\\ &\end{aligned}&\begin{aligned}&\textrm{Kombinasi r unsur dan n unsur}\\ &\textrm{adalah banyaknya kemungkinan}\\ &\textrm{tidak terurut dalam pemilihan}\\ &\textrm{r unsur yang diambil dari n}\\ & \textrm{unsur yang tersedia. Tiap unsur}\\ &\textrm{berbeda dan}\: \: r\leq n \end{aligned}\\\hline  \textrm{Tipe}&\begin{aligned}&\textrm{Bentuk khusus kaidah}\\ &\textrm{perkalian} \end{aligned}&\begin{aligned}&\textrm{Bentuk khusus dari bentuk}\\ &\textrm{permutasi} \end{aligned}\\\hline \textrm{Notasi}&_{n}P_{r},\: P_{n}^{r},\: \textrm{atau}\: \: P(n,k)&_{n}C_{r},\: C_{r}^{n},\: \binom{n}{r},\: \textrm{atau}\: \: C(n,r)\\\hline \textrm{Rumus}&P(n,r)=\displaystyle \frac{n!}{(n-r)!}&\binom{n}{r}=C(n,r)=\displaystyle \frac{n!}{r!(n-r)!}\\\hline \end{array}$.

$\begin{aligned}&\color{red}\textrm{Sebagai catatan bahwa}\\&n!=1\times 2\times 3\times \cdots \times (n-1)\times n \end{aligned}$

Selanjutnya yang akan kita bahas berkaitan bab ini adalah kombinasi beserta contohnya. Perhatikan pula tabel berikut

$\begin{array}{|c|c|}\hline \color{red}\textrm{Kombinasi}&\textrm{Kombinasi dalam}\\ \textrm{dengan pengulangan}&\color{red}\textrm{Binom Newton}\\\hline \begin{aligned}&C(n+r-1,r)\\ &=C(n+r-1,n-1)\\ &\binom{n+r-1}{r}\\ &=\binom{n+r-1}{n-1} \end{aligned}&\begin{aligned}&(x+y)^{n}\\ &=\sum_{k=o}^{n}\binom{n}{r}x^{n-k}y^{k}\\\\ &\textrm{Koefisien untuk}\\ &x^{n-k}y^{k},\: \textrm{yaitu}\\ &\textrm{suku ke}-(k+1)\\ &\textrm{adalah}\: \binom{n}{r} \end{aligned}\\\hline \end{array}$.

serta

$\LARGE\colorbox{yellow}{CONTOH SOAL}$

$\begin{array}{ll}\\ 1.&\textrm{Tentukanlah nilai}\\ &\begin{array}{lll}\\ \textrm{a}.\quad 3!&\textrm{e}.\quad \displaystyle \frac{6!}{4!}&\textrm{i}.\quad \displaystyle \frac{2!}{0!}+\frac{3!}{1!}+\frac{4!}{2!}\\ \textrm{b}.\quad 5!&\textrm{f}.\quad \displaystyle \frac{10!}{6!}&\textrm{j}.\quad \displaystyle \frac{2!}{0!}\times \frac{3!}{1!}+\frac{4!}{2!}\\ \textrm{c}.\quad 0!+1!+2!+3!&\textrm{g}.\quad \displaystyle \frac{7!}{3!\times 4!}&\textrm{k}.\quad \displaystyle \frac{3\times 4!}{3!(5!-5!)}\\ \textrm{d}.\quad (2!)!+(3!)!&\textrm{h}.\quad \displaystyle \frac{13!}{12!+12!}&\textrm{l}.\quad \displaystyle \frac{3!+5!+7!}{4!+6!}\end{array}\\\\ &\textrm{Jawab}:\\\\ &\begin{array}{l}\\ \textrm{a}.\quad 3!=3.2.1=6\\ \textrm{b}.\quad 5!=5.4.3.2.1=120\\ \begin{aligned}\textrm{c}.\quad 0!+1!+2!+3!&=1+1+2+6\\ &=10 \end{aligned}\\ \begin{aligned}\textrm{d}.\quad (2!)!+(3!)!&=2!+6!\\ &=2+720\\ &=722 \end{aligned}\\ \textrm{e}.\quad \displaystyle \frac{6!}{4!}=\frac{720}{24}=30\quad \textrm{atau}\quad \displaystyle \frac{6!}{4!}=\displaystyle \frac{6.5.\not{4}.\not{3}.\not{2}.\not{1}}{\not{4}.\not{3}.\not{2}.\not{1}}=6.5=30\\ \textrm{f}.\quad \displaystyle \frac{10!}{6!}=\frac{10.9.8.7.6.5.4.3.2.1}{6.5.4.3.2.1}=.... (\textrm{silahkan diselesaikan sendiri})\\ \textrm{g}.\quad \displaystyle \frac{7!}{3!\times 4!}=\frac{7.6.5.4.3.2.1}{(3.2.1)\times (4.3.2.1)}=.... (\textrm{silahkan juga diselesaikan sendiri})\\ \vdots \\ (\textrm{silahkan selanjutnya diselesaikan sendiri}) \end{array} \end{array}$

$\begin{array}{ll}\\ 2.&\textrm{Sederhanakanlah}\\ &\begin{array}{lll}\\ \textrm{a}.\quad \displaystyle \frac{n!}{(n-1)!}&\textrm{e}.\quad \displaystyle \frac{1}{n!}+\frac{n}{(n+1)!}-\frac{1}{(n-1)!}\\ \textrm{b}.\quad \displaystyle \frac{(n+2)!}{(n+1)!}&\textrm{f}.\quad \displaystyle \frac{(4n)!}{(4n+1)!}+\frac{(4n)!}{(4n-1)!}\\ \textrm{c}.\quad \displaystyle \frac{(2n)!}{(2n+1)!}&\textrm{g}.\quad \displaystyle \frac{1}{n}-\frac{n!}{(n-1).(n-2)!}\\ \textrm{d}.\quad \displaystyle \frac{(n+2)!}{(n^{2}+3n+2)}&\textrm{h}.\quad 1.1!+2.2!+3.3!+4.4!+5.5!+...+n.n!\end{array}\\\\ &\textrm{Jawab}:\\\\ &\begin{array}{l}\\ \textrm{a}.\quad \displaystyle \frac{n!}{(n-1)!}=\frac{n.(n-1)!}{(n-1)!}=n\\ \textrm{b}.\quad \displaystyle \frac{(n+2)!}{(n+1)!}=\frac{(n+2).(n+1)!}{(n+1)!}=n+2\\ \textrm{c}.\quad \displaystyle \frac{(2n)!}{(2n+1)!}=\frac{(2n)!}{(2n+1).(2n)!}=\frac{1}{2n+1}\\ \textrm{d}.\quad \displaystyle \frac{(n+2)!}{n^{2}+3n+2}=\frac{(n+2)!}{(n+2).(n+1)}=\frac{(n+2).(n+1).n!}{(n+2).(n+1)}=n!\\ \vdots \\ (\textrm{silahkan selanjutnya diselesaikan sendiri sebagai latihan})\\ \vdots \\ \begin{aligned}\textrm{h}.\quad &1.1!+2.2!+3.3!+4.4!+5.5!+...+n.n!\\ & =(2-1).1!+(3-1).2!+(4-1).3!+(5-1).4!+...+(n+1-1).n!\\ &=2.1!+3.2!+4.3!+5.4!+...+(n+1).n!-1!-2!-3!-4!-...-n!\\ &=2!+3!+4!+5!+...+(n+1)!-\left ( 1!+2!+3!+4!+...+n! \right )\\ &=(n+1)!-1 \end{aligned} \end{array} \end{array}$

$\begin{array}{ll}\\ 3.&\textrm{Sederhanakanlah bentuk penjumlahan berikut}\\ &\displaystyle \frac{3}{1!+2!+3!}+\frac{4}{2!+3!+4!}+\frac{5}{3!+4!+5!}+\cdots +\displaystyle \frac{100}{98!+99!+100!}\\\\ &\textrm{Jawab}:\\\\ &\begin{aligned}&\textrm{Perhatikan}\, \: \textrm{bahwa}\\ &\displaystyle \frac{3}{1!+2!+3!}=\frac{3}{1+2+6}=\frac{3}{9}=\frac{1}{3}\times \frac{2}{2}=\frac{2}{1\times 2\times 3}=\frac{2}{3!}=\frac{3-1}{3!}=\frac{3}{3!}-\frac{1}{3!}=\frac{3}{2!\times 3}-\frac{1}{3!}=\frac{1}{2!}-\frac{1}{3!}\\ &\textrm{sehingga}\\ &\frac{3}{1!+2!+3!}=\frac{1}{2!}-\frac{1}{3!}\\ &\displaystyle \frac{4}{2!+3!+4!}=\cdots =\frac{1}{3!}-\frac{1}{4!}\\ &\displaystyle \frac{5}{3!+4!+5!}=\cdots =\frac{1}{4!}-\frac{1}{5!}\\ &\vdots \\ &\displaystyle \frac{100}{98!+99!+100!}=\cdots =\frac{1}{99!}-\frac{1}{100!}\\ &---------------------------\\ &\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\quad\quad =\frac{1}{2!}-\frac{1}{100!} \end{aligned} \end{array}$.