Soal dan Pembahasan Seleksi Mandiri Madrasah (KSN-S) 2022

 $\begin{array}{ll}\\ 1.&\textrm{Jika}\: \: a,b\: \:  \textrm{bilangan real positif},\\ &\textrm{tunjukkan bahwa}\: \: a^{a}.b^{b}\geq a^{b}.b^{a}\\\\ &\textbf{Bukti}\\ &\begin{aligned}&\textrm{Diketahui}\: \: a^{a}.b^{b}\geq a^{b}.b^{a}\Leftrightarrow \displaystyle \frac{a^{a}.b^{b}}{a^{b}.b^{a}}\geq 1\\ &\Leftrightarrow \displaystyle \frac{a^{a-b}}{b^{a-b}}\geq 1\Leftrightarrow \left ( \displaystyle \frac{a}{b} \right )^{a-b}\geq 1\\ &\textrm{Selanjutnya akan ada dua kemungkinan}\\ &\textrm{yaitu}:\: a\geq b> 0\: \: \textrm{dan}\: \: b\geq a> 0 \end{aligned}\\ &\begin{array}{|c|l|l|}\hline \textrm{No}&\textrm{Kondisi}&\textrm{Akibat}\\\hline 1.&a\geq b> 0&\displaystyle \frac{a}{b}\geq 1\: \: \textrm{atau}\: \: a-b\geq 0\\ &&\textrm{maka}\: \:  \begin{aligned}&\left (\displaystyle \frac{a}{b}  \right )^{a-b}\geq 1 \end{aligned}\\\hline 2.&b\geq a> 0&\displaystyle \frac{a}{b}\leq  1\: \: \textrm{atau}\: \: a-b\leq  0\\ &&\textrm{maka}\: \:  \begin{aligned}&\left (\displaystyle \frac{a}{b}  \right )^{a-b}\geq 1 \end{aligned}\\\hline \end{array}\\ &\textrm{Karena keduanya memiliki hasil yang sama}\\ &\textrm{maka}\: \: a^{a}.b^{b}\geq a^{b}.b^{a}\qquad \blacksquare  \end{array}$.

$\begin{array}{ll}\\ 2.&\textrm{Jika}\: \: a=\sqrt{\displaystyle \frac{b}{1-b}}\: \:  \textrm{nyatakanlah}\: \: b\: \: \textrm{dalam}\: \: a\\\\ &\textbf{Jawab}:\\ &\begin{aligned}&\textrm{Diketahui}\\ &a=\sqrt{\displaystyle \frac{b}{1-b}}\Leftrightarrow a^{2}=\displaystyle \frac{b}{1-b}\Leftrightarrow a^{2}(1-b)=b\\ &\Leftrightarrow a^{2}-a^{2}b=b\Leftrightarrow b+a^{2}b=a^{2}\\ &\Leftrightarrow b(1-a^{2})=a^{2}\Leftrightarrow b=\color{blue}\displaystyle \frac{a^{2}}{1-a^{2}} \end{aligned} \end{array}$.

$\begin{array}{ll}\\ 3.&\textrm{Sederhanakanlah bentuk}\: \: 3.4^{4}+3.4^{4}+3.4^{4}\\\\ &\textbf{Jawab}:\\ &\begin{aligned} &3.4^{4}+3.4^{4}+3.4^{4}=3(3.4^{4})\\ &=9\times 4^{4} \end{aligned} \end{array}$.

$\begin{array}{ll}\\ 4.&\textrm{Diketahui}\: \: a^{2}+b^{2}=1\: \: \textrm{dan}\: \: x^{2}+y^{2}=1\\ &\textrm{Silahkan lanjutkan proses berikut}\\ &(a^{2}+b^{2})(x^{2}+y^{2})-(ax+by)^{2}=....\\ &\textrm{a}.\quad \textrm{Bagaimana hubungan}\: \: ax+by\: \: \textrm{dengan}\: \: 1\\ &\textrm{b}.\quad \textrm{Mengapa}\\\\ &\textbf{Jawab}:\\ &\begin{aligned}&\color{blue}\textrm{Perhatikan bahwa}\\ &(a^{2}+b^{2})(x^{2}+y^{2})-(ax+by)^{2}\\ &=a^{2}x^{2}+a^{2}y^{2}+b^{2}x^{2} +b^{2}y^{2}-a^{2}x^{2}-b^{2}y^{2}-2abxy\\ &=a^{2}y^{2}+b^{2}x^{2}-2abxy\\ &=(ay-bx)^{2}\\ &\textrm{a. Nilai}\: \: \color{red}ax+by\: \: \color{black}\textrm{selalu lebih kecil}\\ &\quad\: \textrm{atau sama dengan 1}\\ &\textrm{b. Kita memiliki}\: \: (ay-bx)^{2}\geq 0,\: \: \textrm{sehingga}\\ &\quad\Leftrightarrow \: (a^{2}+b^{2})(x^{2}+y^{2})-(ax+by)^{2}\geq 0\\ &\quad\Leftrightarrow \: \quad 1\times 1-(ax+by)^{2}\geq 0\\ &\quad\Leftrightarrow \: \quad\qquad 1-(ax+by)^{2}\geq 0\\ &\quad\Leftrightarrow \: \quad\qquad (ax+by)^{2}-1\leq  0\\ &\quad\Leftrightarrow \: \: \: \: \: \qquad\qquad (ax+by)^{2}\leq  1\qquad \blacksquare  \end{aligned}  \end{array}$.

$\begin{array}{ll}\\ 5.&\textrm{Pada segi enam beraturan, berapa banyak}\\ &\textrm{segitiga yang dapat Anda temukan}\\\\ &\textbf{Jawab}:\\  &\begin{aligned}&\textrm{Setiap segitiga dapat terbentuk dari 3 buah}\\ &\textrm{sebarang, sehingga banyak segitiga bila}\\ &\textrm{diketahui}\: \: n=6,\: \: r=3\: \: \textrm{adalah}:\\ &\color{red}\textrm{kombinasi 3 titik dari 6 titik yang ada}\\ &\textrm{Adapun untuk rumus kombinasinya}:\\ &C_{r}^{n}=\begin{pmatrix} n\\  r \end{pmatrix}=\displaystyle \frac{n!}{r!(n-r)!}\\ &\textrm{dengan}\: \: n!=1\times 2\times 3\times 4\times ...\times n\\ &\textrm{maka}\\ &C_{3}^{6}=\begin{pmatrix} 6\\ 3 \end{pmatrix}=\displaystyle \frac{6!}{3!.3!}=\frac{6.5.4.3!}{1.2.3.3!}=\color{blue}20  \end{aligned}  \end{array}$.

$\begin{array}{ll}\\ 6.&\textrm{Tentukan nilai dari bentuk}\\ &\displaystyle \frac{1^{-3}+2^{-3}+3^{-3}+4^{-3}+5^{-3}+...}{1^{-3}+3^{-3}+5^{-3}+7^{-3}+9^{-3}+...}\\\\ &\textbf{Jawab}:\\  &\begin{aligned}&\textrm{Misalkan}\\ &x=1^{-3}+2^{-3}+3^{-3}+4^{-3}+5^{-3}+...\: \: \textrm{dan}\\ &y=1^{-3}+3^{-3}+5^{-3}+7^{-3}+9^{-3}+...\\ &\textrm{Sekarang perhatikan bahwa}\\ &x=1^{-3}+2^{-3}+3^{-3}+4^{-3}+5^{-3}+...\\ &\: \: \: =(1^{-3}+3^{-3}+5^{-3}+...)\: +\: (2^{-3}+4^{-3}+6^{-3}+...)\\ &\: \: \: =(1^{-3}+3^{-3}+5^{-3}+...)\: +\: 2^{-3}(1^{-3}+2^{-3}+3^{-3}+...)\\ &\: \: \: =y+\displaystyle \frac{1}{8}x\\ &x-\displaystyle \frac{1}{8}x=y\Leftrightarrow \displaystyle \frac{7}{8}x=y\Leftrightarrow \displaystyle \frac{x}{y}=\color{blue}\frac{8}{7}\\  \end{aligned} \end{array}$.

$\begin{array}{ll}\\ 7.&\textrm{Jika}\: \: 60^{a}=3\: \: \textrm{dan}\: \: 60^{b}=5\\ &\textrm{maka hasil dari}\: \: 12^{^{\left ( \displaystyle \frac{1-x-y}{2(1-b)} \right )}}\\\\ &\textbf{Jawab}:\\ &\color{purple}\textrm{Perhatikanlah bahwa}\\ &\color{blue}\begin{aligned}&\begin{cases} 60^{a}=3 & \Rightarrow \: ^{60}\log 3=a \\ 60^{b}=5 & \Rightarrow \: ^{60}\log 5=b \end{cases} \end{aligned} \\ &\color{purple}\textrm{Selanjutnya}\\ &\color{purple}\textrm{Untuk}\: \: (1-a-b),\: \textrm{maka}\\ &\color{purple}\begin{aligned}1-a-b&=1-\: ^{60}\log 3-\: ^{60}\log 5\\ &=\: ^{60}\log 60-\: ^{60}\log 3-\: ^{60}\log 5\\ &=\: ^{60}\log \displaystyle \frac{60}{3\times 5}\\ &=\: ^{60}\log 4\\ &=\: ^{60}\log 2^{2} \end{aligned} \\ &\color{purple}\textrm{Untuk}\: \: 2(1-b),\: \textrm{maka}\\ &\color{purple}\begin{aligned}2(1-b)&=2\left ( 1-\: ^{60}\log 5 \right )\\ &=2\left ( ^{60}\log 60-\: ^{60}\log 5 \right )\\ &=2\left ( ^{60}\log \displaystyle \frac{60}{5} \right )\\ &=2\left ( ^{60}\log 12 \right )\\ &=\: ^{60}\log 12^{2} \end{aligned} \\ &\color{blue}\textrm{Untuk}\: \: \left ( \displaystyle \frac{1-x-y}{2(1-b)} \right ),\: \textrm{maka}\\ &\color{purple}\begin{aligned}\left ( \displaystyle \frac{1-x-y}{2(1-b)} \right )&=\displaystyle \frac{\: ^{60}\log 2^{2}}{\: ^{60}\log 12^{2}}\\ &=\displaystyle \frac{2\: ^{60}\log 2}{2\: ^{60}\log 12}\\ &=\displaystyle \frac{\: ^{60}\log 2}{\: ^{60}\log 12}\\ &=\: ^{12}\log 2 \end{aligned}\\ &\color{purple}\textrm{Jadi},\: \: 12^{^{\left ( \displaystyle \frac{1-x-y}{2(1-b)} \right )}}=12^{^{\: ^{12}\log 2}}=2 \end{array}$.

$\begin{array}{ll}\\ 8.&\textrm{Tentukan hasil dari bentuk}\\ &\sin ^{2}1^{\circ}+\sin ^{2}2^{\circ}+\sin ^{2}3^{\circ}+...+\sin ^{2}89^{\circ}+\sin ^{2}90^{\circ}\\\\ &\textbf{Jawab}:\\ &\textrm{Ingat sudut-sudut yang berelasi pada trigonometri}:\\ &\color{red}\sin \left ( 90^{0}-\alpha  \right )=\cos \alpha \\ &\textrm{Ingat pula identitas trigonometri}:\\ & \color{red}\sin ^{2}\alpha +\cos ^{2}\alpha =1\\ &\underline{\textrm{maka bentuk}}\\ &\sin ^{2}\color{blue}1^{\circ}\color{black}=\sin^{2} \left (\color{blue}90^{\circ}-89^{\circ}\color{black}  \right )  =\cos ^{2}89^{\circ},\\ & \textrm{dengan cara yang sama akan diperoleh}\\ &\sin ^{2}\color{blue}2^{\circ}\color{black}=\cos ^{2}88^{\circ}\\ &\sin ^{2}\color{blue}3^{\circ}\color{black}=\cos ^{2}87^{\circ}\\ &\sin ^{2}\color{blue}4^{\circ}\color{black}=\cos ^{2}86^{\circ}\\ &\qquad\qquad \vdots \\ &\sin ^{2}\color{blue}44^{\circ}\color{black}=\cos ^{2}46^{\circ}\\ &\textrm{Sehingga}\\ &\begin{aligned}&\sin ^{2}1^{\circ}+\sin ^{2}2^{\circ}+\sin ^{2}3^{\circ}+...+\sin ^{2}89^{\circ}+\sin ^{2}90^{\circ}\\ &=\sin ^{2}1^{\circ}+...+\sin ^{2}44^{\circ}+\sin ^{2}46^{\circ}+...+\sin ^{2}89^{\circ}\color{red}+\sin ^{2}45^{\circ}+\sin ^{2}90^{\circ}\\ &=\underset{44}{\underbrace{1+1+1+...+1}}\color{red}+\sin ^{2}45^{\circ}+\sin ^{2}90^{\circ}\\ &=44+\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}+1\\ &=\color{blue}45\displaystyle \frac{1}{2} \end{aligned} \end{array}$.

$\begin{array}{ll}\\ 9.&\textrm{Tentukan sisa pembagian}\: \: x^{3}-5x^{2}+3x-4\\ &\textrm{oleh}\: \: 2x+1\\\\ &\textbf{Jawab}:\\ &\color{blue}\textbf{Alternatif 1}\\ &\textrm{Misalkan}\: \: f(x)=x^{3}-5x^{2}+3x-4\\ &\textrm{Sisa pembagian}\: \: f(x)\: \: \textrm{oleh}\: \: q(x)=2x+1\: \: \textrm{adalah}:\\ &\textrm{ambil}\: \: q(x)=2x+1=0\Rightarrow x=-\displaystyle \frac{1}{2},\: \: \textrm{maka}\\ &\textrm{penentuan sisa pembagian cukup dengan}\\ &f\left ( -\displaystyle \frac{1}{2} \right )=\left ( -\displaystyle \frac{1}{2} \right )^{3}-5\left ( -\displaystyle \frac{1}{2} \right )^{2}+3\left ( -\displaystyle \frac{1}{2} \right )-4\\ &\qquad\qquad =-\displaystyle \frac{1}{8}-\displaystyle \frac{5}{4}-\frac{3}{2}-4\\ &\qquad\qquad =\displaystyle \frac{-1-10-12-32}{8}=\color{red}-\displaystyle \displaystyle \frac{55}{8}\\ &\color{blue}\textbf{Alternatif 2}\\ &\textrm{Dengan metode Horner, yaitu}:\\ &\begin{array}{c|cccccccccc}\\ x=-\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}&1&-5&3&-4&&&\\ &&&&&&&\\ &&-\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}&\displaystyle \frac{11}{4}&-\displaystyle \frac{23}{8}&&&+\\\hline &1&-5\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}&\displaystyle \frac{23}{4}&\color{red}-\displaystyle \frac{55}{8}&&& \end{array} \end{array}$.

$\begin{array}{ll}\\ 10.&\textrm{Fungsi}\: \: f\: \: \textrm{memiliki sifat untuk tiap bilangan}\\ &\textrm{bilangan real}\: \: x\: \:  \textrm{berlaku}\: \: f(x)+f(x-1)=x^{2}\\ &\textrm{Jika}\: \: f(19)=94,\: \textrm{tentukan sisa pembagian}\\ & f(94)\: \: \textrm{oleh}\: \: 100\\\\ &\textbf{Jawab}:\\ &\textrm{Perhatikan bahwa}\: \: f(x)=x^{2}-f(x-1),\\ &\textrm{maka}\\ &\begin{aligned}f(94)&=94^{2}-f(93)=94^{2}-\left ( 93^{2}-f(92) \right )\\ &=94^{2}-93^{2}+f(92)=94^{2}-93^{2}+(92^{2}-f(91))\\ &=94^{2}-93^{2}+92^{2}-91^{2}+f(90)\\ &=94^{2}-93^{2}+92^{2}-91^{2}+90^{2}-\cdots +20^{2}-f(19)\\ &\quad \textrm{ingat bentuk}\: \: \color{red}a^{2}-b^{2}=(a+b)(a-b),\: \color{black}\textrm{maka}\\ &=(94+93)+(92+91)+\cdots +400-94\\ &=\underset{4255}{\underbrace{94+93+...+22+21}}+400-94\\ &=4255+306\\ &=\color{blue}4561 \end{aligned}\\ &\textrm{Sehingga sisa pembagian}\: \: f(94)\: \: \textrm{oleh 100 adalah}\: \: \color{blue}61 \end{array}$.



DAFTAR PUSTAKA

  1. Idris, M., Rusdi, I. 2015. Langkah Awal Meraih Medali Emas Olimpiade Matematika SMA. Bandung: YRAMA WIDYA.
  2. Susyanto, N. 2012. Tutor Senior Olimpiade Matematika Lima Benua Tingkat SMP. Yogyakarta: KENDI MAS MEDIA
  3. ..........Η Στήλη των Μαθηματικών, έτος 2007, τεύχη 46-94


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Contoh 2 Soal dan Pembahasan Materi Vektor

 $\begin{array}{ll}\\ 6.&\textrm{Diketahui titik}\: \: P(n,2),\: Q(1,-2),\: n>0\\ &\textrm{dan panjang}\: \: \overline{PQ}=5,\: \: \textrm{maka nilai}\: \: n\\ & \textrm{adalah}....\\ &\textrm{a}.\quad 1\\ &\textrm{b}.\quad 2\\ &\textrm{c}.\quad 3\\ &\textrm{d}.\quad \color{red}4\\ &\textrm{e}.\quad 5\\\\ &\textrm{Jawab}\\ &\begin{aligned}\overline{PQ}&=5\\ \sqrt{(x_{Q}-x_{P})^{2}+(y_{Q}-y_{P})^{2}}&=5\\ (x_{Q}-x_{P})^{2}+(y_{Q}-y_{P})^{2}&=25\\ (1-n)^{2}+(-2-2)^{2}&=25\\ (1-n)^{2}+16&=25\\ (1-n)^{2}-3^{2}&=0\\ (1+3-n)(1-3-n)&=0\\ \color{red}n=4\: \: \color{black}\textrm{atau}\: \: \color{red}n=-2& \end{aligned} \end{array}$

$\begin{array}{ll}\\ 7.&\textrm{Diketahui vektor}\: \: \vec{u}=\begin{pmatrix} 3\\ 4 \end{pmatrix}\: \: \textrm{dan}\: \: \vec{v}=\begin{pmatrix} 2\\ -1 \end{pmatrix}.\\ & \textrm{Nilai}\: \: \left | \vec{u}+\vec{v} \right |\: \: \textrm{adalah}....\\ &\textrm{a}.\quad \sqrt{28}\\ &\textrm{b}.\quad \sqrt{30}\\ &\textrm{c}.\quad \color{red}\sqrt{34}\\ &\textrm{d}.\quad \sqrt{44}\\ &\textrm{e}.\quad \sqrt{50}\\\\ &\textrm{Jawab}\\ &\begin{aligned}\vec{u}+\vec{v}&=\begin{pmatrix} 3\\ 4 \end{pmatrix} + \begin{pmatrix} 2\\ -1 \end{pmatrix}\\ &=\begin{pmatrix} 3+2\\ 4+(-1) \end{pmatrix}\\ &=\begin{pmatrix} 5\\ 3 \end{pmatrix}\\ \left | \vec{u}+\vec{v} \right |&=\sqrt{5^{2}+3^{2}}\\ &=\sqrt{25+9}\\ &=\color{red}\sqrt{34} \end{aligned} \end{array}$

$\begin{array}{ll}\\ 8.&\textrm{Vektor satuan}\: \: \vec{u}=\begin{pmatrix} -5\\ -12 \end{pmatrix}\: \: \textrm{adalah}.... \\ &\textrm{a}.\quad \color{red}\displaystyle -\frac{1}{13}\begin{pmatrix} 5\\ 12 \end{pmatrix}\\ &\textrm{b}.\quad \displaystyle \frac{1}{15}\begin{pmatrix} -5\\ -12 \end{pmatrix}\\ &\textrm{c}.\quad \displaystyle -\frac{1}{17}\begin{pmatrix} 5\\ 12 \end{pmatrix}\\ &\textrm{d}.\quad \displaystyle -\frac{1}{17}\begin{pmatrix} 5\\ 12 \end{pmatrix}\\ &\textrm{e}.\quad \displaystyle \frac{1}{2} \begin{pmatrix} 5\\ 12 \end{pmatrix}\\\\ &\textrm{Jawab}\\ &\begin{aligned}\vec{e}_{\vec{u}}&=\displaystyle \frac{\vec{u}}{\left | \vec{u} \right |},\quad \textrm{maka}\\ \vec{e}_{\begin{pmatrix} -5\\ -12 \end{pmatrix}}&=\displaystyle \frac{\begin{pmatrix} -5\\ -12 \end{pmatrix}}{\left | \begin{pmatrix} -5\\ -12 \end{pmatrix} \right |}\\ &=\displaystyle \frac{\begin{pmatrix} -5\\ -12 \end{pmatrix}}{\sqrt{(-5)^{2}+(-12)^{2}}}\\ &=\displaystyle \frac{-\begin{pmatrix} 5\\ 12 \end{pmatrix}}{\sqrt{169}}\\ &=\color{red}-\displaystyle \frac{1}{13}\begin{pmatrix} 5\\ 12 \end{pmatrix} \end{aligned} \end{array}$

$\begin{array}{ll}\\ 9.&\textrm{Jika vektor}\: \: \vec{p}=\begin{pmatrix} 8\\ 7 \end{pmatrix}\: \: \textrm{dan}\: \: \vec{q}=\begin{pmatrix} -3\\ 9 \end{pmatrix}\\ & \textrm{Hasil dari}\: \: \vec{p}+\vec{q}\: \: \textrm{adalah}....\\ &\textrm{a}.\quad \begin{pmatrix} 6\\ 14 \end{pmatrix}\\ &\textrm{b}.\quad \begin{pmatrix} 6\\ 13 \end{pmatrix}\\ &\textrm{c}.\quad \begin{pmatrix} 6\\ 15 \end{pmatrix}\\ &\textrm{d}.\quad \color{red}\begin{pmatrix} 5\\ 16 \end{pmatrix}\\ &\textrm{e}.\quad \begin{pmatrix} 5\\ 48 \end{pmatrix}\\\\ &\textrm{Jawab}\\ &\begin{aligned}\vec{p}+\vec{q}&=\begin{pmatrix} 8\\ 7 \end{pmatrix}+\begin{pmatrix} -3\\ 9 \end{pmatrix}\\ &=\begin{pmatrix} 8-3\\ 7+9 \end{pmatrix}\\ &=\color{red}\begin{pmatrix} 5\\ 16 \end{pmatrix} \end{aligned} \end{array}$

$\begin{array}{ll}\\ 10.&\textrm{Jika vektor}\: \: \vec{p}=\begin{pmatrix} ^{2}\log 32\\ -\, ^{3}\log \displaystyle \frac{1}{81} \end{pmatrix}\: \: \textrm{dan}\: \: \vec{q}=\begin{pmatrix} -9\\ -21 \end{pmatrix}\\ & \textrm{Hasil dari}\: \: \vec{p}+\vec{q}\: \: \textrm{adalah}....\\ &\textrm{a}.\quad \begin{pmatrix} 6\\ 17 \end{pmatrix}\\ &\textrm{b}.\quad \begin{pmatrix} -6\\ -17 \end{pmatrix}\\ &\textrm{c}.\quad \begin{pmatrix} 4\\ 17 \end{pmatrix}\\ &\textrm{d}.\quad \color{red}\begin{pmatrix} -4\\ -17 \end{pmatrix}\\ &\textrm{e}.\quad \begin{pmatrix} 5\\ -16 \end{pmatrix}\\\\ &\textrm{Jawab}\\ &\begin{aligned}\vec{p}+\vec{q}&=\begin{pmatrix} ^{2}\log 32\\ -\, ^{3}\log \displaystyle \frac{1}{81} \end{pmatrix}+\begin{pmatrix} -9\\ -21 \end{pmatrix}\\ &=\begin{pmatrix} 5-9\\ 4-21 \end{pmatrix}\\ &=\color{red}\begin{pmatrix} -4\\ -17 \end{pmatrix} \end{aligned} \end{array}$

Contoh 1 Soal dan Pembahasan Materi Vektor

 $\begin{array}{ll}\\ 1.&\textrm{Perhatikanlah ilustrasi gambar berikut} \end{array}$


$\begin{array}{ll}\\ .\, \quad&\textrm{maka vektor}\: \: \vec{u}\: \: \textrm{adalah}\: ....\\ &\begin{array}{llllllll}\\ \textrm{a}.&3\vec{i}+5\vec{j}&&&\textrm{d}.&-3\vec{i}-5\vec{j}\\ \textrm{b}.&5\vec{i}+3\vec{j}&\textrm{c}.&\color{red}-3\vec{i}+5\vec{j}&\textrm{e}.&-5\vec{i}+3\vec{j} \end{array}\\\\ &\textbf{Jawab}\\ &\textrm{Kita perhatikan lagi gambarnya}\\ &\begin{aligned}&\textrm{Vektor}\: \: \vec{u}\: \: \textrm{jika dinyatakan sebagai }\\ &\textrm{kombinasi linear adalah}\: \: \vec{u}=\color{red}-3\vec{i}+5\vec{j} \end{aligned} \end{array}$

$\begin{array}{ll}\\ 2.&\textrm{Panjang vektor}\: \: \vec{p}=\begin{pmatrix} 4\\ -8 \end{pmatrix}\: \: \textrm{adalah}....\\ &\textrm{a}.\quad \displaystyle \sqrt{4}\\ &\textrm{b}.\quad \sqrt{12}\\ &\textrm{b}.\quad \sqrt{20}\\ &\textrm{d}.\quad \color{red}\displaystyle \sqrt{80}\\ &\textrm{e}.\quad \sqrt{100}\\\\ &\textrm{Jawab}\\ &\begin{aligned}\vec{p}&=\begin{pmatrix} 4\\ -8 \end{pmatrix},\: \: \textrm{maka besar dari vektor}\\ \vec{p}&\: \: \textrm{adalah}=\left | \vec{p} \right |=\sqrt{x^{2}+y^{2}}\\ &\textrm{Yaitu}\\ \left | \vec{p} \right |&=\sqrt{4^{2}+(-8)^{2}}\\ &=\sqrt{16+64}=\color{red}\sqrt{80} \end{aligned} \end{array}$

$\begin{array}{ll}\\ 3.&\textrm{Perhatikanlah gambar berikut}\\ & \end{array}$.

$\begin{array}{ll}\\ .\quad &\textrm{Panjang vektor}\: \: \vec{h}\: \: \textrm{tersebut di atas adalah}....\\ &\textrm{a}.\quad 5\\ &\textrm{b}.\quad 7\\ &\textrm{c}.\quad \color{red}10\\ &\textrm{d}.\quad 12\\ &\textrm{e}.\quad 15\\\\ &\textrm{Jawab}\\ &\begin{aligned}\textrm{Diketahui}&\quad \vec{h}=\overline{OH}=8\vec{i}+6\vec{j}\\ \vec{h}&=\sqrt{x_{H}^{2}+y_{H}^{2}}\\ &=\sqrt{8^{2}+6^{2}}\qquad \textbf{(ingat tripel Pythagoras)}\\ &=\sqrt{10^{2}}=\color{red}10 \end{aligned} \end{array}$

$\begin{array}{ll}\\ 4.&\textrm{Vektor satuan dari}\: \: \vec{q}=3\vec{i}-4\vec{j}\: \: \textrm{adalah}....\\ &\textrm{a}.\quad \displaystyle \frac{4}{5}\vec{i}-\frac{3}{5}\vec{j}\\ &\textrm{b}.\quad \color{red}\displaystyle \frac{3}{5}\vec{i}-\frac{4}{5}\vec{j}\\ &\textrm{c}.\quad 3\vec{i}-4\vec{j}\\ &\textrm{d}.\quad 4\vec{i}-3\vec{j}\\ &\textrm{e}.\quad 15\vec{i}-20\vec{j}\\\\ &\textrm{Jawab}\\ &\begin{aligned}\vec{q}&=3\vec{i}-4\vec{j}\\ &\textrm{Vektor satuan dari vektor}\: \: \vec{q}\: \: \textrm{adalah}:\\ &\: \hat{e}_{_{\vec{q}}}=\displaystyle \frac{1}{\left | \vec{q} \right |}. \vec{q}\\ &\textrm{Sehingga}\\ \hat{e}_{_{\vec{q}}}&=\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{3^{2}+(-4)^{2}}}.\begin{pmatrix} 3\\ -4 \end{pmatrix}\\ &=\displaystyle \frac{1}{5}\begin{pmatrix} 3\\ -4 \end{pmatrix}\\ &\textrm{atau dalam vektor basis}\\ &=\color{red}\displaystyle \frac{3}{5}\vec{i}-\frac{4}{5}\vec{j} \end{aligned} \end{array}$

$\begin{array}{ll}\\ 5.&\textrm{Vektor berikut yang memiliki panjang}\\ & 29\: \: \textrm{satuan adalah}....\\ &\textrm{a}.\quad \displaystyle 18\vec{i}-19\vec{j}\\ &\textrm{b}.\quad \displaystyle 19\vec{i}-20\vec{j}\\ &\textrm{c}.\quad 20\vec{i}-21\vec{j}\\ &\textrm{d}.\quad \color{red}21\vec{i}-22\vec{j}\\ &\textrm{e}.\quad 22\vec{i}-23\vec{j}\\\\ &\textrm{Jawab}\\ &\begin{aligned}\textrm{Ingat}&\textrm{lah akan tigaan Pythagoras}\\ &\begin{cases} (3,4,5) &\Rightarrow 3^{2}+4^{2}=5^{2} \\ (5,12,13) & \Rightarrow 5^{2}+12^{2}=13^{2} \\ (8,15,17) &\Rightarrow \cdots \\ (20,21,29)&\Rightarrow \cdots \\ \vdots & dll \end{cases}\\ \textrm{Sehin}&\textrm{gga}\\ \textrm{yang}&\: \: \textrm{paling mungkin adalah}\: : \: \\ &=\sqrt{20^{2}+21^{2}}=\sqrt{400+441}\\ &=\sqrt{841}\\ &=\color{red}29 \end{aligned} \end{array}$



Materi dan Contoh Soal Persiapan UM Matematika Peminatan/Pendalaman Tingkat MA Tahun 2022

 A. Kelas X (Sepuluh)

A. 1 Fungsi Eksponensial dan Fungsi Logaritma

A. 2 Vektor

B. Kelas XI (Sebelas)

B. 1 Persamaan Trigonometri

B. 2 Rumus Jumlah dan Selisih

B. 3 Persamaan Lingkaran

B. 4 Polinom


C. Kelas XII (Duabelas)

C. 1 Limit Fungsi Trigonometri

C.2 Turunan Fungsi Trigonometri

C.3 Distribusi peluang binomial

C.4 Distribusi normal


Materi dan Contoh Soal Persiapan UM Matematika Wajib Tingkat MA Tahun 2022

A. Kelas X (Sepuluh)

A. 1 Persamaan dan Pertidaksamaan Nilai Mutlak dari Bentuk Linear Satu Variabel

A. 2 Pertidaksamaan Rasional dan Irasional Satu Variabel

A. 3 Sistem Persamaan Linear Tiga Variabel

A. 4 Sistem Pertidaksamaan Dua Variabel Linear-Linear

A. 5 Sistem Pertidaksamaan Dua Variabel Linear dan Kuadrat

A. 6 Fungsi

A. 7 Fungsi Komposisi dan Fungsi Invers

A. 8 Rasio Trigonometri pada Segitiga Siku-Siku

A. 9 Rasio Trigonometri Sudut-Sudut diberbagai Kuadran

A. 10 Aturan Sinus dan Cosinus


B. Kelas XI (Sebelas)

B. 1 Program Linear

B. 2 Matriks

B. 3 Determinan dan Invers Matriks Ordo 2x2

B. 4 Transformasi Geometri

B. 5 Pola Bilangan dan Jumlah pada Barisan Aritmetika dan Geometri

B. 6 Limit Fungsi Aljabar

B. 7 Turunan Fungsi Aljabar

B. 8 Integral Tak Tentu Fungsi Aljabar

Tambahan/Pengayaan

Integral Tentu Fungsi Aljabar


C. Kelas XII (Dua Belas)

C. 1 Jarak dalm Ruang

Statistika

C. 3 Aturan Pencacahan

C. 4 Peluang Kejadian Majmuk


Contoh Soal 3 Peluang Kejadian

 $\begin{array}{ll}\ 11.&\textrm{Jika kejadian}\: \: A\: \: \textrm{dan}\: \: B\: \: \textrm{adalah dua kejadian}\\ &\textrm{dengan}\: \: P(A)=\displaystyle \frac{8}{15},\: P(B)=\displaystyle \frac{7}{12},\: \: \textrm{dan}\\ &P(A| B)=\displaystyle \frac{4}{7},\: \textrm{maka nilai}\: \: P(B|A)=\: ....\\ &\begin{array}{llllllll}\\ \textrm{a}.&\displaystyle \frac{8}{45}&&&\textrm{d}.&\color{red}\displaystyle \frac{5}{8}\\\\ \textrm{b}.&\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}&\textrm{c}.&\displaystyle \frac{3}{8}&\textrm{e}.&\displaystyle \frac{7}{15} \end{array}\\\\ &\color{blue}\textrm{Jawab}:\\ &\begin{aligned}&\textrm{Kejadian di atas adalah contoh}\\ &\textrm{kejadian}\: \: \textbf{tidak saling bebas (bersyarat)}.\\ &\color{red}\textrm{Diketahui bahwa}\\ &P(A)=\displaystyle \frac{8}{15},\: P(B)=\displaystyle \frac{7}{12},\: P(A|B)=\displaystyle \frac{4}{7}\\ &\color{red}\textrm{Ditanyakan nilai}\: \: P(B|A)=\: ...?\\ &\color{purple}\textrm{maka}\\ &\begin{aligned}\color{blue}P(A\cap B)&=\color{blue}P(A\cap B)\\ P(A)\times P(B|A)&=P(B)\times P(A|B)\\ P(B|A)&=\displaystyle \frac{P(B)\times P(A|B)}{P(A)}\\ &=\displaystyle \frac{\left ( \displaystyle \frac{7}{12} \right )\times \left ( \displaystyle \frac{4}{7} \right )}{\displaystyle \frac{8}{15}}\\ &=\displaystyle \frac{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}{\displaystyle \frac{8}{15}}\\ &=\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}\times \frac{15}{8}\\ &=\color{red}\displaystyle \frac{5}{8} \end{aligned} \end{aligned} \end{array}$

Contoh Soal 2 Peluang Kejadian

 $\begin{array}{ll}\ 6.&\textrm{Sebuah kantong berisi 7 kelereng merah,}\\ &\textrm{5 kelereng hijau, dan 4 kelereng biru}\\ &\textrm{Diambil sebuah kelereng secara acak.}\\ &\textrm{Peluang yang terambil merah atau hijau}\\ &\textrm{adalah}\: ....\\ &\begin{array}{llllllll}\\ \textrm{a}.&\displaystyle \frac{5}{16}&&&\textrm{d}.&\color{red}\displaystyle \frac{3}{4}\\\\ \textrm{b}.&\displaystyle \frac{7}{16}&\textrm{c}.&\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}&\textrm{e}.&\displaystyle \frac{2}{3} \end{array}\\\\ &\color{blue}\textrm{Jawab}:\\ &\begin{aligned}&\textrm{Kejadian di atas adalah contoh}\\ &\textrm{kejadian}\: \: \textbf{saling lepas}.\: \textrm{Misalkan}\\ &A=\textrm{kejadian terambil 1 kelereng merah}\\ &n(A)=C(7,1)=\begin{pmatrix} 7\\ 1 \end{pmatrix}=7\\ &B=\textrm{kejadian terambil 1 kelereng hijau}\\ &n(B)=C(5,1)=\begin{pmatrix} 5\\ 1 \end{pmatrix}=5\\ &S=\textrm{semua dianggap identik}\\ &n(S)=C(16,1)=\begin{pmatrix} 16\\ 1 \end{pmatrix}=16\\ &\textrm{maka}\\ &P(A\cup B)=P(A)+P(B)\\ &\: \qquad\qquad =\displaystyle \frac{n(A)}{n(S)}+\frac{n(B)}{n(S)}\\ &\: \qquad\qquad =\displaystyle \frac{7}{16}+\frac{5}{16}=\frac{12}{16}=\color{red}\displaystyle \frac{3}{4} \end{aligned} \end{array}$

$\begin{array}{ll}\ 7.&\textrm{Dari 100 orang yang mengikuti kegiatan}\\ &\textrm{jalan santai terdapat 60 orang memakai}\\ &\textrm{topi dan 45 orang yang berkacamata.}\\ &\textrm{Peluang bahwa seorang yang dipilih dari}\\ &\textrm{kelompok orang itu memakai topi dan}\\ &\textrm{kacamata adalah}\: ....\\ &\begin{array}{llllllll}\\ \textrm{a}.&\color{red}\displaystyle \frac{1}{20}&&&\textrm{d}.&\displaystyle \frac{11}{20}\\\\ \textrm{b}.&\displaystyle \frac{2}{5}&\textrm{c}.&\displaystyle \frac{9}{20}&\textrm{e}.&\displaystyle \frac{3}{5} \end{array}\\\\ &\color{blue}\textrm{Jawab}:\\ &\textrm{Perhatikanlah ilustrasi}\: \: \textbf{Diagram Venn}\\ &\textrm{berikut ini}\\ &\begin{array}{|ccl|}\hline \color{red}\begin{array}{|l|}\hline \textrm{S}=100\\\hline \end{array}&&\\ &\color{blue}\textrm{A}\qquad\qquad \textrm{B}&\\ &\begin{array}{|l|c|r|}\hline 60-n&n&45-n\\\hline \end{array}&\\ &&\\\hline \end{array} \\ &\begin{aligned}&\textrm{Kejadian di atas adalah contoh}\\ &\textrm{kejadian}\: \: \textbf{tidak saling lepas}.\\ &A=\textrm{kejadian terpilih seorang bertopi}\\ &n(A)=C(60,1)=\begin{pmatrix} 60\\ 1 \end{pmatrix}=60\\ &B=\textrm{kejadian terpilih seorang berkacamata}\\ &n(B)=C(45,1)=\begin{pmatrix} 45\\ 1 \end{pmatrix}=45\\ &A\cap B=\textrm{terpilih seorang bertopi dan}\\ &\qquad\qquad\textrm{berkacamata}\\ &n(A\cap B)=x\\ &S=\textrm{semua dianggap identik}\\ &n(S)=C(100,1)=\begin{pmatrix} 100\\ 1 \end{pmatrix}=100\\ &\textrm{maka}\\ &P(A\cup B)=P(A)+P(B)-P(A\cap B)\\ &\displaystyle \frac{n(A\cup B)}{n(S)}=\displaystyle \frac{n(A)}{n(S)}+\frac{n(B)}{n(S)}-\displaystyle \frac{n(A\cap B)}{n(S)}\\ &\: \: \: \qquad \displaystyle \frac{100}{100}=\frac{60}{100}+\frac{45}{100}-\frac{x}{100}\\ &\: \: \: \qquad \displaystyle \frac{x}{100}=\displaystyle \frac{105}{100}-\frac{100}{100}\\ &\, \: \qquad\qquad =\color{red}\displaystyle \frac{5}{100}=\frac{1}{20} \end{aligned} \end{array}$

$\begin{array}{ll}\ 8.&\textrm{Diketahui dua buah kotak A dan B}\\ &\textrm{berisi 5 bola putih dan 3 bola merah.}\\ &\textrm{Kotak B berisi 4 bola putih dan 2 bola}\\ &\textrm{merah. Jika diambil secara acak 1 kotak,}\\ &\textrm{kemudian diambil secara acak 1 bola dari}\\ &\textrm{kotak tersebut, maka peluang terambilnya}\\ &\textrm{bola putih adalah}\: ....\\ &\begin{array}{llllllll}\\ \textrm{a}.&\displaystyle \frac{5}{16}&&&\textrm{d}.&\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}\\\\ \textrm{b}.&\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}&\textrm{c}.&\displaystyle \frac{7}{16}&\textrm{e}.&\color{red}\displaystyle \frac{31}{48} \end{array}\\\\ &\color{blue}\textrm{Jawab}:\\ &\begin{aligned}&\textrm{Kejadian di atas adalah kejadian}\\ &\textbf{saling lepas}\: \: \textrm{dari dua kejadian Q}\\ &\textrm{dan R. Misalkan}:\\ &\color{red}\textrm{Pada kotak A}\\ &Q=\textrm{Terambil 1 bola putih di kotak A}\\ &n(Q)=C(5,1)=\begin{pmatrix} 5\\ 1 \end{pmatrix}=5\\ &S_{Q}=\textrm{Terambil 1 bola saja di kotak A}\\ &n(S_{Q})=C(8,1)=\begin{pmatrix} 8\\ 1 \end{pmatrix}=8\\ &\color{red}\textrm{Pada kotak B}\\ &R=\textrm{Terambil 1 bola putih di kotak B}\\ &n(R)=C(4,1)=\begin{pmatrix} 4\\ 1 \end{pmatrix}=4\\ &S_{R}=\textrm{Terambil 1 bola saja di kotak B}\\ &n(S_{R})=C(6,1)=\begin{pmatrix} 6\\ 1 \end{pmatrix}=6\\ &\color{red}\textrm{Karena kejadian pengambilan sebuah}\\ &\textrm{bola putih di atas adalah dari pilihan}\\ &\textrm{dua buah kotak yang ada, maka peluang}\\ &\textrm{pengambilannya adalah 1 dari 2 kotak}\\ &\textrm{peluang kejadian ini adalah}=\color{blue}\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}.\\ &\color{red}\textrm{Sehingga peluang kasus di atas adalah}:\\ &\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}P(Q\cup R)=\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}\left (P(Q)+P(R) \right )\\ &\quad\qquad\qquad =\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}\left (\displaystyle \frac{n(Q)}{n(S_{Q})}+\frac{n(R)}{n(S_{R})} \right )\\ &\quad\qquad\qquad =\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}\left ( \displaystyle \frac{5}{8}+\frac{4}{6} \right )\\ &\quad\qquad\qquad =\color{red}\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}\left ( \displaystyle \frac{31}{24} \right )=\displaystyle \frac{31}{48} \end{aligned} \end{array}$

$\begin{array}{ll}\ 9.&\textrm{Kotak I berisi 3 bola merah dan 2 bola }\\ &\textrm{putih. Kotak II berisi 3 bola hijau dan 5}\\ &\textrm{biru. Dari tiap-tiap kotak diambil 2 bola}\\ &\textrm{sekaligus secara acak. Peluang terambil 2}\\ &\textrm{bola merah pada kotak I dan 2 bola biru}\\ &\textrm{dari kotak II adalah}\: ....\\ &\begin{array}{llllllll}\\ \textrm{a}.&\displaystyle \frac{1}{10}&&&\textrm{d}.&\displaystyle \frac{3}{8}\\\\ \textrm{b}.&\color{red}\displaystyle \frac{3}{28}&\textrm{c}.&\displaystyle \frac{4}{15}&\textrm{e}.&\displaystyle \frac{57}{140} \end{array}\\\\ &\color{blue}\textrm{Jawab}:\\ &\begin{aligned}&\textrm{Kejadian di atas adalah kejadian}\\ &\textbf{saling bebas}\: \: \textrm{dari dua kejadian A}\\ &\textrm{dan B. Misalkan}:\\ &\color{red}\textrm{Pada kotak I}\\ &A=\textrm{Terambil 2 bola merah di kotak I}\\ &n(A)=C(3,2)=\begin{pmatrix} 3\\ 2 \end{pmatrix}=3\\ &S=\textrm{Terambil 2 bola saja di kotak I}\\ &n(S)=C(5,2)=\begin{pmatrix} 5\\ 2 \end{pmatrix}=10\\ &\color{red}\textrm{Pada kotak II}\\ &B=\textrm{Terambil 2 bola biru di kotak II}\\ &n(B)=C(5,2)=\begin{pmatrix} 5\\ 2 \end{pmatrix}=10\\ &S=\textrm{Terambil 2 bola saja di kota II}\\ &n(S)=C(8,2)=\begin{pmatrix} 8\\ 2 \end{pmatrix}=28\\ &\color{red}\textrm{Sehingga peluang kasus di atas adalah}:\\ &\displaystyle P(A\cap B)=P(A)\times P(B) \\ &\: \qquad\qquad =\displaystyle \frac{n(A)}{n(S)}\times \frac{n(B)}{n(S)} \\ &\: \qquad\qquad = \displaystyle \frac{3}{10}\times \frac{10}{28}\\ &\quad\qquad\qquad =\color{red}\displaystyle \frac{3}{28} \end{aligned} \end{array}$

$\begin{array}{ll}\ 10.&\textrm{Jika kejadian}\: \: A\: \: \textrm{dan}\: \: B\: \: \textrm{dapat terjadi secara}\\ &\textrm{bersamaan. Jika}\: \: P(A)=0,6,\: P(B)=0.75,\\ &\textrm{dan}\: \: P(A\cap B)=0,43,\: \textrm{maka}\: \: P(A\cup B)=\: ....\\ &\begin{array}{llllllll}\\ \textrm{a}.&\displaystyle 0,98&&&\textrm{d}.&\color{red}\displaystyle 0,92\\\\ \textrm{b}.&\displaystyle 0,96&\textrm{c}.&\displaystyle 0,94&\textrm{e}.&\displaystyle 0,91 \end{array}\\\\ &\color{blue}\textrm{Jawab}:\\ &\begin{aligned}&\textrm{Kejadian di atas adalah contoh}\\ &\textrm{kejadian}\: \: \textbf{tidak saling lepas}.\\ &\color{red}\textrm{Diketahui bahwa}\\ &P(A)=0,6,\: P(B)=0,75,\: P(A\cap B)=0,43\\ &\color{red}\textrm{Ditanyakan nilai}\: \: P(A\cup B)=\: ...?\\ &\color{purple}\textrm{maka}\\ &P(A\cup B)=P(A)+P(B)-P(A\cap B)\\ &\: \qquad\qquad =0,6+0,75-0,43\\ &\: \qquad\qquad =\color{red}0,92 \end{aligned} \end{array}$

PKKM MA Futuhiyah Jeketro 2022
























Contoh Soal 1 Peluang Kejadian

 $\begin{array}{ll}\ 1.&\textrm{Banyak anggota ruang sampel dari}\\ &\textrm{pelemparan sebuah dadu dan dua }\\ &\textrm{keping mata uang secara bersamaan}\\ &\textrm{adalah}\: ....\\ &\begin{array}{llllll}\\ \textrm{a}.&\displaystyle 4&&&\textrm{d}.&\color{red}\displaystyle 24\\\\ \textrm{b}.&\displaystyle 6&\textrm{c}.&\displaystyle 12&\textrm{e}.&\displaystyle 36 \end{array}\\\\ &\color{blue}\textrm{Jawab}:\\ &\begin{aligned}1\: &\: \textrm{mata dadu}\: =P(6,1)=6\\ 2\: &\: \textrm{keping mata uang}\: =P(2,1)\times P(2,1)=4\\ \textrm{R}&\textrm{uang sampelnya adalah}:\: 6\times 4=\color{red}24 \end{aligned} \end{array}$

$\begin{array}{ll}\ 2.&\textrm{Setumpuk kartu remi diambil sebuah}\\ &\textrm{kartu secara acak. Peluang agar kartu}\\ &\textrm{yang terambil bukan kartu king}\\ &\textrm{adalah}\: ....\\ &\begin{array}{llllll}\\ \textrm{a}.&\displaystyle 0&&&\textrm{d}.&\color{red}\displaystyle \displaystyle \frac{12}{13}\\\\ \textrm{b}.&\displaystyle \displaystyle \frac{1}{13}&\textrm{c}.&\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}&\textrm{e}.&\displaystyle 1 \end{array}\\\\ &\color{blue}\textrm{Jawab}:\\ &\begin{aligned}&\textrm{Misalkan}\: \: A=\textrm{Kejadian muncul kartu king}\\ &n(A)=\textrm{banyak kartu king ada}=4\\ &n(S)=\textrm{total kartu}=4\times 13\\ &A'=\textrm{kejadian muncul bukan kartu king}\\ &\textrm{maka peluangnya bukan kartu king}:\\ &P(A')=1-P(A)=1-\displaystyle \frac{4}{4\times 13}=\color{red}\frac{12}{13} \end{aligned} \end{array}$

$\begin{array}{ll}\ 3.&\textrm{Sebuah dadu dilempar sekali. Peluang}\\ &\textrm{muncul mata dadu 3 atau lebih adalah}\: ....\\ &\begin{array}{llllll}\\ \textrm{a}.&\displaystyle \displaystyle \frac{1}{6}&&&\textrm{d}.&\color{red}\displaystyle \displaystyle \frac{3}{5}\\\\ \textrm{b}.&\displaystyle \displaystyle \frac{1}{3}&\textrm{c}.&\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}&\textrm{e}.&\displaystyle \frac{2}{3} \end{array}\\\\ &\color{blue}\textrm{Jawab}:\\ &\begin{aligned}&\textrm{Misal}\: \: A=\textrm{muncul mata dadu 3 atau lebih}\\ &A=\left \{ 3,4,5,6 \right \}\\ &S=\left \{ 1,2,3,4,5,6 \right \}\\ &\textrm{maka}\: \: n(A)=4\: \: \textrm{dengan}\: \: (S)=6\\ &P(A)=\displaystyle \frac{n(A)}{n(S)}=\color{red}\frac{4}{6}=\frac{2}{3} \end{aligned} \end{array}$

$\begin{array}{ll}\ 4.&\textrm{Sebuah dadu dan sebuah mata uang logam}\\ &\textrm{dilempar bersama-sama. Peluang muncul}\\ &\textrm{gambar pada mata uang dan mata 1 pada}\\ &\textrm{dadu adalah}\: ....\\ &\begin{array}{llllllll} \textrm{a}.&\color{red}\displaystyle \frac{1}{12}&&&\textrm{d}.&\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}\\\\ \textrm{b}.&\displaystyle \frac{1}{6}&\textrm{c}.&\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}&\textrm{e}.&\displaystyle \frac{1}{2} \end{array}\\\\ &\color{blue}\textrm{Jawab}:\\ &\begin{aligned}&\textbf{Cara pertama}\\ &\textrm{Perhatikan tabel berikut}\\ &\color{purple}\begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|}\hline \square &1&2&3&4&5&6\\\hline A&(A,1)&(A,2)&(A,3)&(A,4)&(A,5)&(A,6)\\\hline G&\color{blue}(G,1)&(G,2)&(G,3)&(G,4)&(G,5)&(G,6)\\\hline \end{array}\\ &\textrm{dari tabel di atas didapatkan bahwa}:\\ &A=\textrm{kejadian muncul mata 1 pada dadu}\\ &n(A)=2\\ &B=\textrm{kejadian muncul gambar pada uang}\\ &n(B)=6\\ &A\cap B=\textrm{kejadian muncul 1 pada dadu}\\ &\qquad\qquad \textrm{gambar pada koin}\\ &n(A\cap B)=1\\ &\textrm{dengan}\: \: n(S)=12,\\ &\textrm{maka peluang muncul mata 1 dan gambar}\\ &P(A\cap B)=\displaystyle \frac{n(A\cap B)}{n(S)}=\color{red}\frac{1}{12}\\ &\textbf{Cara kedua}\\ &\textrm{Karena ini dua kejadian}\: \: \textit{saling bebas}\\ &\textrm{maka}\\ &P(A\cap B)=P(A)\times P(B)\\ &\: \qquad\qquad =\displaystyle \frac{n(A)}{n(S)}\times \frac{n(B)}{n(S)}\\ &\: \qquad\qquad =\displaystyle \frac{2}{12}\times \frac{6}{12}=\frac{12}{144}=\color{red}\frac{1}{12} \end{aligned} \end{array}$

$\begin{array}{ll}\ 5.&\textrm{Peluang Dika lulus ujian adalah}\: \: 0,75\: \: \textrm{dan}\\ &\textrm{peluang Tutik lulus ujian adalah}\: \: 0,80.\\ &\textrm{Peluang keduanya lulus ujian adalah}\: ....\\ &\begin{array}{llllllll}\\ \textrm{a}.&\displaystyle 0,4&&&\textrm{d}.&\displaystyle 0,7\\\\ \textrm{b}.&\displaystyle 0,5&\textrm{c}.&\color{red}\displaystyle 0,6&\textrm{e}.&\displaystyle 0,8 \end{array}\\\\ &\color{blue}\textrm{Jawab}:\\ &\begin{aligned} &\textrm{Dua kejadian ini adalah}\: \: \textit{saling bebas}\\ &\textrm{Misal}\: \: A=\textrm{Kejadian Dika lulus}\\ &n(A)=\cdots \qquad \color{blue}\textrm{tidak diketahui, tetapi}\\ &P(A)=0,75=\displaystyle \frac{3}{4},\: \: \color{red}\textbf{diketahui}\\ &\textrm{dan}\: B=\textrm{Tutik lulus}\\ &n(B)=\cdots \qquad \color{blue}\textrm{juga tidak diketahui}\\ &P(B)=0,8=\displaystyle \frac{4}{5}\\ &P(A\cap B)=P(A)\times P(B)\\ &\: \qquad\qquad =\displaystyle \frac{n(A)}{n(S)}\times \frac{n(B)}{n(S)}\\ &\: \qquad\qquad =\displaystyle \frac{3}{4}\times \frac{4}{5}=\color{red}\frac{3}{5}=0,6 \end{aligned} \end{array}$

Contoh Soal 4 Kaidah Pencacahan

 $\begin{array}{ll}\ 16.&\textrm{Diketahui himpunan yang terdiri dari 5}\\ &\textrm{huruf vokal dan 10 huruf konsonan yang}\\ &\textrm{semuanya berlainan. Dari himpunan itu}\\ &\textrm{disusun suatu kata yang terdiri dari 2}\\ &\textrm{huruf vokal dan 3 konsonan. Banyak kata}\\ &\textrm{yang dapat disusun sebanyak}\: ....\\ &\begin{array}{llllll}\\ \textrm{a}.&\color{red}\displaystyle 144.000&&&\textrm{d}.&\displaystyle 72.000\\\\ \textrm{b}.&\displaystyle 126.000&\textrm{c}.&\displaystyle 96.000&\textrm{e}.&\displaystyle 36.000 \end{array}\\\\ &\color{blue}\textrm{Jawab}:\\ &\begin{aligned}&\textrm{Diketahui bahwa ingin menyusun}\\ & \textbf{5 huruf dengan susunan berbeda}\\ &\color{red}\textit{yang tersusun dari}\\ &\textrm{2 dari 5 vokal berbeda disusun, dan}\\ &\textrm{3 dari 10 konsonan berbeda juga disusun}\\ &\textrm{maka banyak susunan kata terbentuk}:\\ &\textrm{Seperti menyusun 5 objek (kombinasi)}\\ &\textrm{2 benda dari 5 benda, atau 3 }\\ &\textrm{benda yang terbentuk dari 5}\\ &\textrm{objek yg tidak identik(permutasi)}\\ &\textbf{Cara pertama}\\ &=C((2+3),\color{red}2)\color{blue}\times P(5,2)\times P(10,5)\\ &=\displaystyle \frac{5!}{2!\times 3!}\times \frac{5!}{(5-2)!}\times \frac{10!}{(10-3)!}\\ &=\displaystyle \frac{5!}{2!\times 3!}\times \frac{5!}{3!}\times \frac{10!}{7!}\\ &=10\times 60\times 720\\ &=\color{red}144.000\\ &\textbf{Cara kedua}\\ &=C((2+3),\color{red}3)\color{blue}\times P(5,2)\times P(10,5)\\ &=\displaystyle \frac{5!}{3!\times 2!}\times \frac{5!}{(5-2)!}\times \frac{10!}{(10-3)!}\\ &=\displaystyle \frac{5!}{3!\times 2!}\times \frac{5!}{3!}\times \frac{10!}{7!}\\ &=10\times 60\times 720\\ &=\color{red}144.000 \end{aligned} \end{array}$

Contoh Soal 3 Kaidah Pencacahan

 $\begin{array}{ll}\ 11.&\textrm{Berikut ini nilainya tidak sama dengan}\\ &C(7,5)\: \: \textrm{adalah}\: ....\\\\ &(i)\: \: \displaystyle \frac{7!}{5!(7-5)!}\\\\ &(ii)\: \: C(6,1)\\\\ &(iii)\: \: \displaystyle \frac{P(7,5)}{5!}\\\\ &(iv)\: \: \begin{pmatrix} 6\\ 1 \end{pmatrix}\\ &\begin{array}{llllll}\\ \textrm{a}.&\displaystyle (i),(ii),\& (iii)&&&\textrm{d}.&\displaystyle \textrm{hanya}\: (i)\\\\ \textrm{b}.&\displaystyle (i)\& (iii)&\textrm{c}.&\color{red}(ii)\&(iv)&\textrm{e}.&\displaystyle \textrm{hanya}\: (iv) \end{array}\\\\ &\color{blue}\textrm{Jawab}:\\ &C(7,5)=\displaystyle \frac{P(7,5)}{5!}=\frac{7!}{5!(7-5)!} \end{array}$

$\begin{array}{ll}\ 12.&\textrm{Nilai}\: \: n\: \: \textrm{yang memenuhi persamaan}\\ &\begin{pmatrix} 100\\ 45 \end{pmatrix}=\begin{pmatrix} 100\\ 5n \end{pmatrix}\: \: \textrm{adalah}\: ....\\ &\begin{array}{llllll}\\ \textrm{a}.&\displaystyle 15&&&\textrm{d}.&\displaystyle 12\\\\ \textrm{b}.&\displaystyle 14&\textrm{c}.&\displaystyle 13&\textrm{e}.&\color{red}\displaystyle 11 \end{array}\\\\ &\color{blue}\textrm{Jawab}:\\ &\begin{aligned}&\textrm{Diketahui bahwa}\\ &\begin{pmatrix} 100\\ 45 \end{pmatrix}=\begin{pmatrix} 100\\ 5n \end{pmatrix},\: \: \textrm{maka}\\ &45+5n=100\\ &5n=100-45=55\\ &\: \: n=\displaystyle \frac{55}{5}=\color{red}11 \end{aligned} \end{array}$

$\begin{array}{ll}\ 13.&\textrm{Koefisien suku ke-4 dari}\: \: (2x-3)^{4}\\ &\begin{array}{llllll}\\ \textrm{a}.&\color{red}\displaystyle -216&&&\textrm{d}.&\displaystyle 81\\\\ \textrm{b}.&\displaystyle -96&\textrm{c}.&\displaystyle 16&\textrm{e}.&\displaystyle 216 \end{array}\\\\ &\color{blue}\textrm{Jawab}:\\ &\begin{aligned}&\textrm{Diketahui bahwa}\\ &(2x-3)^{4}=\displaystyle \sum_{i=0}^{4}\begin{pmatrix} 4\\ i \end{pmatrix}(2x)^{4-i}(-3)^{i}\\ &\textrm{Suku ke-4-nya adalah}:\: \: r=4.\\ &\textrm{Suku ke-r}=\color{red}\begin{pmatrix} n\\ r-1 \end{pmatrix}a^{n-r+1}b^{r-1}\\ &\textrm{Sehingga suku ke-4 adalah}:\\ &=\begin{pmatrix} 4\\ 4-1 \end{pmatrix}(2x)^{4-4+1}(-3)^{4-1}\\ &=\begin{pmatrix} 4\\ 3 \end{pmatrix}(2x)^{1}(-3)^{3}\\ &=\displaystyle \frac{4!}{3!\times 1!}2x(-27)\\ &=-4.2.27x\\ &=\color{red}-216 \end{aligned} \end{array}$

$\begin{array}{ll}\ 14.&\textrm{Bentuk sederhana dari}\: \: \displaystyle \sum_{r=1}^{n}r\displaystyle \begin{pmatrix} n\\ r \end{pmatrix}\\ &\textrm{dengan}\: \: \begin{pmatrix} n\\ r \end{pmatrix}=\displaystyle \frac{n!}{r!(n-r)!}\: \: \textrm{adalah}\: ....\\ &\begin{array}{llllll}\\ \textrm{a}.&\displaystyle 2^{n+1}&&&\textrm{d}.&\displaystyle 3^{n}\\\\ \textrm{b}.&\color{red}\displaystyle n2^{n-1}&\textrm{c}.&\displaystyle n2^{n}&\textrm{e}.&\displaystyle 3^{n+1} \end{array}\\\\ &\color{blue}\textrm{Jawab}:\\ &\begin{aligned}\displaystyle \sum_{r=1}^{n}r\displaystyle \begin{pmatrix} n\\ r \end{pmatrix}&=\displaystyle \sum_{r=1}^{n}r\displaystyle \frac{n!}{r!(n-r)!}\\ &=\displaystyle \sum_{r=1}^{n}r\displaystyle \frac{n(n-1)!}{r(r-1)!(n-r)!}\\ &=n\displaystyle \sum_{r=1}^{n}\displaystyle \frac{(n-1)!}{(r-1)!(n-r)!}\\ &=n\displaystyle \sum_{r=1}^{n}\displaystyle \frac{(n-1)!}{(r-1)!((n-1)-(r-1))!}\\ &=\displaystyle \sum_{r=1}^{n}\begin{pmatrix} n-1\\ r-1 \end{pmatrix}\\ &=\color{red}n.2^{r-1} \end{aligned} \end{array}$

$\begin{array}{ll}\ 15.&\textrm{Banyaknya diagonal segi 6 adalah}\: ....\\ &\begin{array}{llllll}\\ \textrm{a}.&\displaystyle 15&&&\textrm{d}.&\color{red}\displaystyle 9\\\\ \textrm{b}.&\displaystyle 14&\textrm{c}.&\displaystyle 10&\textrm{e}.&\displaystyle 6 \end{array}\\\\ &\color{blue}\textrm{Jawab}:\\ &\begin{aligned}&\textrm{Banyak diagonal segi}-n \: \: \textrm{adalah}:\\ &C(n,2)-n.\: \textrm{Jika seperti soal dengan}\\ &n=6,\: \: \textrm{maka}\\ &C(6,2)=\displaystyle \frac{6!}{2!\times 4!}=\frac{6\times 5\times \not{4!}}{2\times 1\times \not{4!}}=15\\ &\textrm{Sehingga}\\ &C(6,2)-6=15-6=\color{red}9 \end{aligned} \end{array}$


Contoh Soal 2 Kaidah Pencacahan

 $\begin{array}{ll}\ 6.&\textrm{Banyaknya cara milih 4 orang dari 10 orang }\\ &\textrm{anggota jika salah seorang di antaranya}\\ &\textrm{selalu terpilih adalah}.... \\ &\begin{array}{llllll}\\ \textrm{a}.&\displaystyle 72&&&\textrm{d}.&\displaystyle 504\\\\ \color{red}\textrm{b}.&\color{red}\displaystyle 84&\textrm{c}.&\displaystyle 252&\textrm{e}.&\displaystyle 3024 \end{array}\\\\ &\color{blue}\textrm{Jawab}:\\ &\begin{aligned}&\textrm{Cara memilih}=\textrm{Kombinasi}=C(10-1,4-1)\\ & \textrm{karena 1 orang di antaranya selalu ada/terpilih}\\ &=C(9,3)\\ &=\binom{9}{3}\\ &=\displaystyle \frac{9!}{3!\times (9-3)!}\\ &=\displaystyle \frac{9\times 8\times 7\times \not{6!}}{3\times 2\times \times \not{6!}}\\&=\displaystyle \frac{9.8.7}{3.2}\\ &=\color{red}84 \end{aligned} \end{array}$

$\begin{array}{ll}\ 7.&\textrm{Banyaknya cara menyusun huruf-huruf dari}\\ &\textrm{kata "SEMARANG" adalah}\: ....\\ &\begin{array}{llllll}\\ \textrm{a}.&\displaystyle 1680&&&\textrm{d}.&\displaystyle 20320\\\\ \textrm{b}.&\displaystyle 6720&\textrm{c}.&\color{red}\displaystyle 20160&\textrm{e}.&\displaystyle 40320 \end{array}\\\\ &\color{blue}\textrm{Jawab}:\\ &\begin{aligned}&\textrm{Penyelesaian di atas dapat diselesaikan}\\ &\textrm{baik dengan permutasi maupun kombinasi}\\ &\textrm{Susunan huruf berbeda yang diambil dari}\\ &\textrm{kata "SEMARANG" adalah}:\\ &\begin{cases} \textrm{S} &=1 \\ \textrm{E} &=1 \\ \textrm{M} &=1 \\ \textrm{A} &=2 \\ \textrm{R} &=1 \\ \textrm{N} &=1 \\ \textrm{G} &=1 \end{cases}\\ &\textrm{Jumlah huruf ada 8 buah}\\ &\color{purple}\textrm{Dengan cara permutasi}\\ &\begin{aligned}P(n;n_{1},n_{2},n_{2},...,n_{r})&=\displaystyle \frac{n!}{n_{1}!.n_{2}!.n_{3}!...n_{r}!}\\ P(8;1,1,1,2,1,1,1)&=\displaystyle \frac{8!}{1!.1!.1!.2!.1!.1!.1!}\\ &=\displaystyle \frac{40.320}{2}\\ &=\color{red}20.160 \end{aligned}\\ &\color{purple}\textrm{Dengan cara kombinasi}\\ &\begin{aligned}C(n;...)&=\displaystyle \frac{n!}{n_{1}!.n_{2}!.n_{3}!...n_{r}!}\\ C(8;...)&=\displaystyle \binom{8}{1}.\binom{7}{1}.\binom{6}{1}.\binom{5}{2}.\binom{3}{1}.\binom{2}{1}\\ &=\displaystyle 8.7.6.\displaystyle \frac{5.4}{2}.3.2\\ &=\displaystyle \frac{40.320}{2}\\ &=\color{red}20.160 \end{aligned} \end{aligned} \end{array}$

$\begin{array}{ll}\ 8.&\textrm{Jumlah susunan dari sebelas huruf}\\ &\qquad\qquad\: \textbf{MISSISSIPPI}\\ &\textrm{Banyak susunan berbeda dari semua}\\ &\textrm{huruf di atas jika keempat huruf}\: \: \textbf{I}\\ &\textrm{selalu tampil berdampingan}\\ &\begin{array}{llllll}\\ \textrm{a}.&\displaystyle \displaystyle \frac{9!}{2!4!}&&&\textrm{d}.&\displaystyle \frac{6!}{2!4!}\\\\ \textrm{b}.&\color{red}\displaystyle \frac{8!}{2!4!}&\textrm{c}.&\displaystyle \frac{7!}{2!4!}&\textrm{e}.&\displaystyle \frac{5!}{2!4!} \end{array}\\\\ &\textrm{National University of Singapore}\\ &\textrm{Sample Test Entrance Examination}\\\\ &\color{blue}\textrm{Jawab}:\\ &\begin{aligned}&\textrm{Pandang semua huruf}\: I\: \: \textrm{dianggap 1}\\ &\textrm{maka perhitungannnya}\\ &P(8;1,1,4,2)=\color{red}\displaystyle \frac{8!}{2!4!} \end{aligned} \end{array}$

$\begin{array}{ll}\ 9.&\textrm{Nilai dari}\: \: P(4,2)\times P(5,3)=\: ....\\ &\begin{array}{llllll}\\ \textrm{a}.&\displaystyle 12&&&\textrm{d}.&\displaystyle 480\\\\ \textrm{b}.&\displaystyle 48&\textrm{c}.&\displaystyle 60&\textrm{e}.&\color{red}\displaystyle 720 \end{array}\\\\ &\color{blue}\textrm{Jawab}:\\ &\begin{aligned}&P(4,2)\times P(5,3)\\ &=\displaystyle \frac{4!}{(4-2)!}\times \frac{5!}{(5-3)!}\\ &=\displaystyle \frac{4!}{2!}\times \frac{5!}{2!}\\ &=\displaystyle \frac{4.3.\not{2!}}{\not{2!}}\times \frac{5.4.3.\not{2!}}{\not{2!}}\\ &=\color{red}720 \end{aligned} \end{array}$

$\begin{array}{ll}\ 10.&\textrm{Nilai}\: \: n\: \: \textrm{jika}\: \: P(n+1,3)=P(n,4)\\ &\textrm{adalah}\: ....\\ &\begin{array}{llllll}\\ \textrm{a}.&\displaystyle 3&&&\textrm{d}.&\displaystyle 6\\\\ \textrm{b}.&\displaystyle 4&\textrm{c}.&\color{red}\displaystyle 5&\textrm{e}.&\displaystyle 7 \end{array}\\\\ &\color{blue}\textrm{Jawab}:\\ &\begin{aligned}P(n+1,3)&=P(n,4)\\ \displaystyle \frac{(n+1)!}{((n+1)-3)!}&=\displaystyle \frac{n!}{(n-4)!}\\ \displaystyle \frac{(n+1)!}{(n-2)!}&=\frac{n!}{(n-4)!}\\ \displaystyle \frac{(n+1).\not{n!}}{(n-2).(n-3).\not{(n-4)!}}&=\displaystyle \frac{\not{n!}}{\not{(n-4)!}}\\ \displaystyle \frac{n+1}{n^{2}-5n+6}&=1\\ n^{2}-5n+6&=n+1\\ n^{2}-6n+5&=0\\ (n-1)(n-5)&=0\\ n=1\: \: \textrm{atau}\: \: n=\color{red}5& \end{aligned} \end{array}$