$\color{red}\textrm{C. Faktorial}$
Perhatikanlah tabel berikut yang berisi perkalian bilangan terurut pada bilangan asli
$\begin{array}{|c|}\hline n!=1\times 2\times 3\times 4\times \cdots \times (n-2)\times (n-1)\times n\\ \textbf{atau}\\ n!=n\times (n-1)\times (n-2)\times \cdots \times 4\times 3\times 2\times 1\\ \color{red}\textrm{dengan}\\ (n+1)!=(n+1)\times n!\: \: \textrm{untuk}\: \: n\geq 1,\: n\in \mathbb{N}\\ \color{blue}\textrm{serta didefinisikan bahwa}\\ 0!= 1!=1\\ \colorbox{yellow}{CONTOH}\\ 0!=1\\ 1!=1\\ 2!=2\times 1=2\\ 3!=3\times 2\times 1=6\\ 4!=4\times 3\times 2\times 1=24\\ 5!=5\times 4\times 3\times 2\times 1=120\\ 6!=6\times 5\times 4\times 3\times 2\times 1=720\\ \\ \vdots \\ \\ \color{black}n!=n\times (n-1)\times (n-2)\times \cdots \times 4\times 3\times 2\times 1\\\hline \end{array}$
$\LARGE\colorbox{magenta}{CONTOH SOAL}$
$\begin{array}{ll}\\ 1.&\textrm{Tentukanlah nilai}\\ &\begin{array}{lll}\\ \textrm{a}.\quad 3!&\textrm{e}.\quad \displaystyle \frac{6!}{4!}&\textrm{i}.\quad \displaystyle \frac{2!}{0!}+\frac{3!}{1!}+\frac{4!}{2!}\\ \textrm{b}.\quad 5!&\textrm{f}.\quad \displaystyle \frac{10!}{6!}&\textrm{j}.\quad \displaystyle \frac{2!}{0!}\times \frac{3!}{1!}+\frac{4!}{2!}\\ \textrm{c}.\quad 0!+1!+2!+3!&\textrm{g}.\quad \displaystyle \frac{7!}{3!\times 4!}&\textrm{k}.\quad \displaystyle \frac{3\times 4!}{3!(5!-5!)}\\ \textrm{d}.\quad (2!)!+(3!)!&\textrm{h}.\quad \displaystyle \frac{13!}{12!+12!}&\textrm{l}.\quad \displaystyle \frac{3!+5!+7!}{4!+6!}\end{array}\\\\ &\color{blue}\textbf{Jawab}:\\\\ &\begin{array}{l}\\ \textrm{a}.\quad 3!=3.2.1=6\\ \textrm{b}.\quad 5!=5.4.3.2.1=120\\ \begin{aligned}\textrm{c}.\quad 0!+1!+2!+3!&=1+1+2+6\\ &=10 \end{aligned}\\ \begin{aligned}\textrm{d}.\quad (2!)!+(3!)!&=2!+6!\\ &=2+720\\ &=722 \end{aligned}\\ \textrm{e}.\quad \displaystyle \frac{6!}{4!}=\frac{720}{24}=30\quad \textrm{atau}\quad \displaystyle \frac{6!}{4!}=\displaystyle \frac{6.5.\not{4}.\not{3}.\not{2}.\not{1}}{\not{4}.\not{3}.\not{2}.\not{1}}=6.5=30\\ \textrm{f}.\quad \displaystyle \frac{10!}{6!}=\frac{10.9.8.7.6.5.4.3.2.1}{6.5.4.3.2.1}=.... (\textrm{silahkan diselesaikan sendiri})\\ \textrm{g}.\quad \displaystyle \frac{7!}{3!\times 4!}=\frac{7.6.5.4.3.2.1}{(3.2.1)\times (4.3.2.1)}=.... (\textrm{silahkan juga diselesaikan sendiri})\\ \vdots \\ (\textrm{silahkan selanjutnya diselesaikan sendiri}) \end{array} \end{array}$
$\begin{array}{ll}\\ 2.&\textrm{Sederhanakanlah}\\ &\begin{array}{lll}\\ \textrm{a}.\quad \displaystyle \frac{n!}{(n-1)!}&\textrm{e}.\quad \displaystyle \frac{1}{n!}+\frac{n}{(n+1)!}-\frac{1}{(n-1)!}\\ \textrm{b}.\quad \displaystyle \frac{(n+2)!}{(n+1)!}&\textrm{f}.\quad \displaystyle \frac{(4n)!}{(4n+1)!}+\frac{(4n)!}{(4n-1)!}\\ \textrm{c}.\quad \displaystyle \frac{(2n)!}{(2n+1)!}&\textrm{g}.\quad \displaystyle \frac{1}{n}-\frac{n!}{(n-1).(n-2)!}\\ \textrm{d}.\quad \displaystyle \frac{(n+2)!}{(n^{2}+3n+2)}&\textrm{h}.\quad 1.1!+2.2!+3.3!+4.4!+5.5!+...+n.n!\end{array}\\\\ &\color{blue}\textbf{Jawab}:\\\\ &\begin{array}{l}\\ \textrm{a}.\quad \displaystyle \frac{n!}{(n-1)!}=\frac{n.(n-1)!}{(n-1)!}=n\\ \textrm{b}.\quad \displaystyle \frac{(n+2)!}{(n+1)!}=\frac{(n+2).(n+1)!}{(n+1)!}=n+2\\ \textrm{c}.\quad \displaystyle \frac{(2n)!}{(2n+1)!}=\frac{(2n)!}{(2n+1).(2n)!}=\frac{1}{2n+1}\\ \textrm{d}.\quad \displaystyle \frac{(n+2)!}{n^{2}+3n+2}=\frac{(n+2)!}{(n+2).(n+1)}=\frac{(n+2).(n+1).n!}{(n+2).(n+1)}=n!\\ \vdots \\ (\textrm{silahkan selanjutnya diselesaikan sendiri sebagai latihan})\\ \vdots \\ \begin{aligned}\textrm{h}.\quad &1.1!+2.2!+3.3!+4.4!+5.5!+...+n.n!\\ & =(2-1).1!+(3-1).2!+(4-1).3!+(5-1).4!+...+(n+1-1).n!\\ &=2.1!+3.2!+4.3!+5.4!+...+(n+1).n!-1!-2!-3!-4!-...-n!\\ &=2!+3!+4!+5!+...+(n+1)!-\left ( 1!+2!+3!+4!+...+n! \right )\\ &=(n+1)!-1 \end{aligned} \end{array} \end{array}$
$\begin{array}{ll}\\ 3.&\textrm{Sederhanakanlah bentuk penjumlahan berikut}\\ &\displaystyle \frac{3}{1!+2!+3!}+\frac{4}{2!+3!+4!}+\frac{5}{3!+4!+5!}+\cdots +\displaystyle \frac{100}{98!+99!+100!}\\\\ &\color{blue}\textbf{Jawab}:\\\\ &\begin{aligned}&\textrm{Perhatikan}\, \: \textrm{bahwa}\\ &\displaystyle \frac{3}{1!+2!+3!}=\frac{3}{1+2+6}=\frac{3}{9}=\frac{1}{3}\times \frac{2}{2}=\frac{2}{1\times 2\times 3}=\frac{2}{3!}\\ &\Leftrightarrow \frac{2}{3!}=\frac{3-1}{3!}=\frac{3}{3!}-\frac{1}{3!}=\frac{3}{2!\times 3}-\frac{1}{3!}=\frac{1}{2!}-\frac{1}{3!}\\ &\textrm{sehingga}\\ &\frac{3}{1!+2!+3!}=\frac{1}{2!}-\frac{1}{3!}\\ &\displaystyle \frac{4}{2!+3!+4!}=\cdots =\frac{1}{3!}-\frac{1}{4!}\\ &\displaystyle \frac{5}{3!+4!+5!}=\cdots =\frac{1}{4!}-\frac{1}{5!}\\ &\vdots \\ &\displaystyle \frac{100}{98!+99!+100!}=\cdots =\frac{1}{99!}-\frac{1}{100!}\\ &---------------------------\\ &\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\quad\quad =\frac{1}{2!}-\frac{1}{100!} \end{aligned} \end{array}$.
$\color{red}\textrm{D. Permutasi dan Kombinasi}$
$\begin{array}{|l|l|l|}\hline \textrm{Istilah}&\qquad\qquad\qquad\textrm{Permutasi}&\qquad\qquad\qquad\textrm{Kombinasi}\\\hline \textrm{Definisi}&\begin{aligned}&\textrm{Permutasi r unsur dari n unsur adalah}\\ &\textrm{banyaknya kemungkinan urutan r buah}\\ &\textrm{unsur yang dipilih dari n unsur}\\ &\textrm{yang tersedia}.\: \textrm{Tiap unsur berbeda dan}\\ & r\leq n \end{aligned}&\begin{aligned}&\textrm{Kombinasi r unsur dan n unsur adalah}\\ &\textrm{banyaknya kemungkinan tidak terurut}\\ &\textrm{dalam pemilihan r unsur yang diambil}\\ &\textrm{dari n unsur yang tersedia}.\: \textrm{Tiap unsur}\\ &\textrm{berbeda dan}\: \: r\leq n \end{aligned}\\\hline \textrm{Tipe}&\textrm{Bentuk khusus kaidah perkalian}&\textrm{Bentuk khusus permutasi}\\\hline \textrm{Notasi}&_{n}P_{r},\: P_{n}^{r},\: \textrm{atau}\: \: P(n,k)&_{n}C_{r},\: C_{r}^{n},\: \binom{n}{r},\: \textrm{atau}\: \: C(n,r)\\\hline \textrm{Rumus}&P(n,r)=\displaystyle \frac{n!}{(n-r)!}&\binom{n}{r}=C(n,r)=\displaystyle \frac{n!}{r!(n-r)!}\\\hline \end{array}$
Selanjutnya perhatikanlah tabel berikut
$\begin{array}{|c|c|c|}\hline \textrm{Permutasi}&\textrm{Permutasi}\\ \textrm{dengan unsur yang sama}&\textrm{Siklis}\\\hline \begin{aligned}&P(n;n_{1},n_{2},n_{3},...,n_{k})\\ &=\displaystyle \frac{P(n,n)}{n_{1}!n_{2}!n_{3}!...n_{k}!}\\ &=\displaystyle \frac{n!}{n_{1}!n_{2}!n_{3}!...n_{k}!} \end{aligned}&\begin{aligned}&\begin{cases} \textrm{Siklis} & =(n-1)! \\\\ \textrm{Kalung} & =\displaystyle \frac{(n-1)!}{2} \end{cases} \end{aligned}\\\hline \end{array}$
dan
$\begin{array}{|c|c|}\hline \textrm{Kombinasi}&\textrm{Kombinasi dalam}\\ \textrm{dengan pengulangan}&\textrm{Binom Newton}\\\hline \begin{aligned}&C(n+r-1,r)\\ &=C(n+r-1,n-1)\\ &\binom{n+r-1}{r}\\ &=\binom{n+r-1}{n-1} \end{aligned}&\begin{aligned}&(x+y)^{n}\\ &=\sum_{k=o}^{n}\binom{n}{r}x^{n-k}y^{k}\\\\ &\textrm{Koefisien untuk}\\ &x^{n-k}y^{k},\: \textrm{yaitu}\\ &\textrm{suku ke}-(k+1)\\ &\textrm{adalah}\: \binom{n}{r} \end{aligned}\\\hline \end{array}$
serta
- Johnaes, Kastolan, & Sulasim. 2004. Kompetensi Matematika SMA Kelas 2 Semester 1 Program Ilmu Sosial KBK 2004. Jakarta: YUDHISTIRA.
- Kartini, Suprapto, Subandi, & Setiyadi, U. 2005. Matematika Program Studi Ilmu Alam Kelas XI untuk SMA dan MA. Klaten: INTAN PARIWARA.
- Sobirin. 2006. Kompas Matematika Strategi Praktis Menguasai Tes Matematika. Jakarta: KAWAN PUSTAKA.